// Copyright (C) 2026 The Qt Company Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-only

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/*!
    \page creator-how-to-analyze-cpu-usage.html
    \previouspage creator-how-tos.html

    \ingroup creator-how-to-profile

    \title Analyze CPU usage

    With Perf, you can analyze the CPU and memory usage of an application
    on Linux desktop and embedded devices. Performance Analyzer uses the
    Perf tool bundled with the Linux kernel to take periodic snapshots of
    the call chain of an application and visualizes them in a timeline view
    or as a flame graph.

    Usually, Performance Analyzer needs debug symbols for the profiled
    binaries. Profile builds produce optimized binaries with separate debug
    symbols, so use them for profiling.

    \section1 Collect data

    Start Performance Analyzer in the following ways to collect data:

    \list
        \li Go to \uicontrol Analyze > \uicontrol {Performance Analyzer} to
            profile the current application.

        \li Select
            \inlineimage {icons/qtcreator-analyze-start-button.png} {Start a performance analysis}
            (\uicontrol Start) to start the application from the
            \uicontrol {Performance Analyzer}.

            \image {qtcreator-performance-analyzer-toolbar.webp} {Performance Analyzer toolbar}

    \endlist

    \note If data collection does not start automatically, select
    \inlineimage {icons/recordfill.png} {Start collecting profile data}
    (\uicontrol {Collect profile data}).

    When you start analyzing an application, the application is launched, and
    Performance Analyzer immediately begins to collect data. This is indicated
    by the time running in \uicontrol Recorded. However, as the data
    is passed through the Perf tool and an extra helper program bundled with
    \QC, and both buffer and process it on the fly, data may arrive in \QC
    several seconds after it was generated. \uicontrol {Processing delay} shows
    an estimate of the delay.

    Data is collected until you select
    \inlineimage {icons/recordfill.png} {Stop collecting profile data}
    (\uicontrol {Stop collecting profile data}) or close the application.

    Select \uicontrol {Stop collecting profile data} to turn off the
    automatic start of the data collection when an application is launched.
    Profile data is still generated, but \QC discards it until you
    select the button again.

    \section1 Profile memory usage on devices

    To create trace points for profiling memory usage on a target device:

    \list
        \li Go to \uicontrol Analyze > \uicontrol {Performance Analyzer Options}
            > \uicontrol {Create Memory Trace Points}.
        \li Select
            \inlineimage {icons/create-tracepoint.png} {Create trace points for memory profiling on the target device}
            on the \uicontrol {Performance Analyzer} toolbar.
    \endlist

    In the \uicontrol {Create Memory Trace Points} dialog, modify the
    script to run.

    \image {qtcreator-performance-analyzer-create-memory-trace-points.png} {Create Memory Trace Points dialog}

    If you need root privileges to run scripts as root, select the privileges to
    use in \uicontrol {Elevate privileges using}.

    Select \uicontrol OK to run the script.

    To add events for the trace points, see \l{Choosing event types}.

    Record a memory trace to view usage graphs in the samples rows of
    the timeline and to view memory allocations, peaks, and releases in the
    flame graph.

    \section1 Generate separate debug info for qmake projects

    To manually set up a build configuration that generates debug symbols also
    for applications compiled for release, edit the build settings of a qmake
    project:

    \list 1
        \li Go to \uicontrol {Projects} > \uicontrol {Build Settings}.
        \li In \uicontrol {Separate debug info}, select \uicontrol Enable.
        \li Select \uicontrol Yes to recompile the project.
    \endlist

    \sa {Profile}{How to: Profile}, {Profilers}, {Profiling applications},
    {Performance Analyzer}
*/

/*!
    \page creator-cpu-usage-analyzer.html
    \previouspage creator-ctf-visualizer.html
    \nextpage creator-qml-performance-monitor.html

    \ingroup profiling-tools

    \title Performance Analyzer

    \summary {Analyze the CPU and memory usage of an application on Linux desktop
    and embedded devices.}

    To set global preferences for Performance Analyzer, go to \preferences >
    \uicontrol Analyzer > \uicontrol {CPU Usage}.

    To set preferences for a particular run configuration, go to
    \uicontrol Projects > \uicontrol {Run Settings} and select \uicontrol Details
    next to \uicontrol {Performance Analyzer Settings}.

    \image {qtcreator-performance-analyzer-settings.png} {Performance Analyzer Settings}

    To edit the settings for the current run configuration, select the
    drop down menu next to \inlineimage {icons/recordfill.png}
    {Toggle profile data collection} on the Performance Analyzer toolbar.

    \image {qtcreator-performance-analyzer-toolbar.webp} {Performance Analyzer toolbar}

    \section1 Choosing event types

    The events table lists the events that trigger Performance Analyzer to take
    a sample. The most common way of analyzing
    CPU usage involves periodic sampling, driven by hardware performance
    counters that react to the number of instructions or CPU cycles executed.
    You can also select a software counter that uses the CPU clock.

    Select \uicontrol {Add Event} to add events to the table.
    In \uicontrol {Event Type}, select the general type of
    event to be sampled, most commonly \uicontrol {hardware} or
    \uicontrol {software}. In \uicontrol {Counter}, select the counter
    for the sampling. For example,
    \uicontrol {instructions} in the \uicontrol {hardware} group or
    \uicontrol {cpu-clock} in the \uicontrol {software} group.

    More specialized sampling, for example by cache misses or cache hits, is
    possible. However, support for it depends on specific features of the CPU.
    For those specialized events, give more detailed sampling
    instructions in \uicontrol {Operation} and \uicontrol {Result}.
    For example, select a \uicontrol {cache} event for
    \uicontrol {L1-dcache} on the \uicontrol {load} operation with a result
    of \uicontrol {misses} to sample L1-dcache misses on reading.

    Select \uicontrol {Remove Event} to remove the selected event from the
    table.

    Select \uicontrol {Use Trace Points} to replace the current selection of
    events with trace points defined on the target device and set the
    \uicontrol {Sample mode} to \uicontrol {event count} and the
    \uicontrol {Sample period} to \c {1}. If \uicontrol {Create Trace Points}
    defines the trace points on the target, Performance Analyzer automatically
    uses them to profile memory usage.

    Select \uicontrol {Reset} to revert the selection of events, as well as
    \uicontrol {Sample mode} and \uicontrol {Sample period} to the default
    values.

    \section1 Choosing a sampling mode and period

    In \uicontrol {Sample mode} and \uicontrol {Sample period}, specify how
    samples are triggered:

    \list

        \li Sampling by \uicontrol {event count} instructs the kernel to take
            a sample every \c n times one of the chosen events has occurred,
            where \c n is set in \uicontrol {Sample period}.

        \li Sampling by \uicontrol {frequency (Hz)} instructs the kernel to try and
            take a sample \c n times per second, by automatically adjusting the
            sampling period. Set \c n in \uicontrol {Sample period}.

    \endlist

    High frequencies or low event counts result in more accurate data, at the
    expense of a higher overhead and a larger volume of data being
    generated. The actual sampling period is determined by the Linux kernel on
    the target device, which takes the period set for Perf merely as advice.
    There may be a significant difference between the sampling period you
    request and the actual result.

    In general, if you configure Performance Analyzer to collect more data
    than it can transmit over the connection between the target and the host
    device, the application may get blocked while Perf is trying to send the
    data, and the processing delay may grow excessively. You should then change
    the value of \uicontrol {Sample period} or \uicontrol {Stack snapshot size}.

    \section1 Selecting call graph mode

    In \uicontrol {Call graph mode}, you can specify how
    Performance Analyzer recovers call chains from your application:

    \list

    \li The \uicontrol {Frame Pointer}, or \c fp, mode relies on frame pointers
    being available in the profiled application and will instruct the kernel on
    the target device to walk the chain of frame pointers in order to retrieve
    a call chain for each sample.

    \li The \uicontrol {Dwarf} mode works also without frame pointers, but
    generates significantly more data. It takes a snapshot of the current
    application stack each time a sample is triggered and transmits that
    snapshot to the host computer for analysis.

    \li The \uicontrol {Last Branch Record} mode does not use a memory buffer.
    It automatically decodes the last 16 taken branches every time execution
    stops. It is supported only on recent Intel CPUs.

    \endlist

    Qt and most system libraries are compiled without frame pointers by
    default, so the frame pointer mode is only useful with customized systems.

    \section1 Setting stack snapshot size

    Performance Analyzer analyzes and \e unwinds the stack snapshots
    generated by Perf in dwarf mode. Set the size of the stack snapshots in
    \uicontrol {Stack snapshot size}. Large stack snapshots result in a
    larger volume of data to be transferred and processed. Small stack
    snapshots may fail to capture call chains of highly recursive applications
    or other intense stack usage.

    \section1 Adding command-line options for Perf

    Set additional command-line options to pass to Perf when
    recording data in \uicontrol {Additional arguments}. Set \c{--no-delay}
    or \c{--no-buffering} to reduce the processing
    delay. However, those options are not supported by all versions of Perf and
    Perf may not start if an unsupported option is given.

    \section1 Resolving names for JIT-compiled JavaScript functions

    Since version 5.6.0, Qt can generate \c perf.map files with information about
    JavaScript functions. Performance Analyzer will read them and show the
    function names in the \uicontrol Timeline, \uicontrol Statistics, and
    \uicontrol {Flame Graph} views. This only works if the process being
    profiled is running on the host computer, not on the target device. To
    switch on the generation of \c perf.map files, add the environment variable
    \c QV4_PROFILE_WRITE_PERF_MAP to \uicontrol {Run Environment} and set
    its value to \c 1.

    \section1 Analyzing collected data

    The \uicontrol Timeline view displays a graphical representation of CPU
    usage per thread and a condensed view of all recorded events.

    \image {qtcreator-performance-analyzer-timeline.webp} {Performance Analyzer Timeline view}

    Each category in the timeline describes a thread in the application. Move
    the cursor on an event (5) on a row to see how long it takes and which
    function in the source it represents. To display the information only when
    an event is selected, turn off
     \uicontrol {View Event Information on Mouseover} (4).

    The outline (9) summarizes the period for which data was collected. Drag
    the zoom range (7) or select the outline to move on the outline. You can
    also move between events by selecting \uicontrol {Jump to Previous Event}
    and \uicontrol {Jump to Next Event} (1).

    Select \uicontrol {Show Zoom Slider} button (2) to open a slider that
    sets the zoom level. You can also drag the zoom handles (8).
    To reset the default zoom level, right-click the timeline to open the
    context menu, and select \uicontrol {Reset Zoom}.

    \section2 Selecting event ranges

    Select an event range (6) to view the time it represents or to zoom
    into a specific region of the trace. Select \uicontrol {Select Range}
    (3) to activate the selection tool. Then click in the timeline to
    specify the beginning of the event range. Drag the selection handle to
    define the end of the range.

    Use event ranges also to measure delays between two subsequent
    events. Place a range between the end of the first event and the beginning
    of the second event. \uicontrol Duration shows the delay
    between the events in milliseconds.

    To zoom into an event range, double-click it.

    To remove an event range, close the \uicontrol Selection dialog.

    \section2 Understanding the data

    Generally, events in the timeline view indicate how long a function call
    took. Move the mouse over them to see details. The details always include
    the address of the function, the approximate duration of the call, the ELF
    file the function resides in, the number of samples collected with this
    function call active, the total number of times this function was
    encountered in the thread, and the number of samples this function was
    encountered in at least once.

    For functions with debug information available, the details include the
    location in source code and the name of the function. You can select such
    events to move the cursor in the code editor to the part of the code the
    event is associated with.

    As the Perf tool only collects periodic samples, Performance Analyzer
    cannot determine the exact time when a function was called or when it
    returned. You can, however, see exactly when a sample was taken in the
    second row of each thread. Performance Analyzer assumes that if the same
    function is present at the same place in the call chain in multiple
    consecutive samples, then this represents a single call to the respective
    function. This is, of course, a simplification. Also, there may be other
    functions being called between the samples taken, which do not show up in
    the profile data. However, statistically, the data is likely to show the
    functions that spend the most CPU time most prominently.

    If a function without debug information is encountered, further unwinding
    of the stack may fail. Unwinding will also fail for some symbols
    implemented in assembly language. If unwinding fails, only a part of the
    call chain is displayed, and the surrounding functions may seem to be
    interrupted. This does not necessarily mean they were actually interrupted
    during the execution of the application, but only that they could not be
    found in the stacks where the unwinding failed.

    JavaScript functions from the QML engine running in the JIT mode can be
    unwound. However, their names will only be displayed when
    \c QV4_PROFILE_WRITE_PERF_MAP is set. Compiled JavaScript generated by the
    \l{Qt Quick Compiler} can also be
    unwound. In this case the C++ names generated by the compiler are shown for
    JavaScript functions, rather than their JavaScript names. When running in
    interpreted mode, stack frames involving QML can also be unwound, showing
    the interpreter itself, rather than the interpreted JavaScript.

    Kernel functions included in call chains are shown on the third row of each
    thread.

    The coloring of the events represents the actual sample rate for the
    specific thread they belong to, across their duration. The Linux kernel
    will only take a sample of a thread if the thread is active. At the same
    time, the kernel tries to honor the requested event period.
    Thus, differences in the sampling frequency between different threads
    indicate that the thread with more samples taken is more likely to be the
    overall bottleneck, and the thread with less samples taken has likely spent
    time waiting for external events such as I/O or a mutex.

    \section1 Viewing statistics

    \image {qtcreator-performance-analyzer-statistics.png} {Performance Analyzer Statistics view}

    The \uicontrol Statistics view displays the number of samples each function
    in the timeline was contained in, in total and when on the top of the
    stack (called \c self). This allows you to examine which functions you need
    to optimize. A high number of occurrences might indicate that a function is
    triggered unnecessarily or takes very long to execute.

    Select a row to move to the respective function in the source code in the
    code editor.

    The \uicontrol Callers and \uicontrol Callees panes show dependencies
    between functions. They allow you to examine the internal functions of the
    application. The \uicontrol Callers pane summarizes the functions that
    called the function selected in the main view.  The \uicontrol Callees pane
    summarizes the functions called from the function selected in the main
    view.

    Select a row to move to the respective function in the source code in the
    code editor and select it in the main view.

    To copy the contents of one view or row to the clipboard, select
    \uicontrol {Copy Table} or \uicontrol {Copy Row} in the context menu.

    \section2 Visualizing statistics as flame graphs

    \image {qtcreator-performance-analyzer-flamegraph.png} {Performance Analyzer Flame Graph view}

    The \uicontrol {Flame Graph} view shows a more concise statistical overview
    of the execution. The horizontal bars show an aspect of the samples
    taken for a certain function, relative to the same aspect of all samples
    together. The nesting shows which functions were called by which other ones.

    The \uicontrol {Visualize} button lets you select what aspect to show in the
    \uicontrol {Flame Graph}.

    \list

    \li \uicontrol {Samples} is the default visualization. The size of the
    horizontal bars represents the number of samples recorded for the given
    function.

    \li In \uicontrol {Peak Usage} mode, the size of the horizontal bars
    represents the amount of memory allocated by the respective functions, at
    the point in time when the allocation's memory usage was at its peak.

    \li In \uicontrol {Allocations} mode, the size of the horizontal bars
    represents the number of memory allocations triggered by the respective
    functions.

    \li In \uicontrol {Releases} mode, the size of the horizontal bars
    represents the number of memory releases triggered by the respective
    functions.

    \endlist

    The \uicontrol {Peak Usage}, \uicontrol {Allocations}, and
    \uicontrol {Releases} modes will only show any data if samples from memory
    trace points have been recorded.

    \section2 Interaction between the views

    When you select a stack frame in either of the \uicontrol {Timeline},
    \uicontrol {Flame Graph}, or \uicontrol {Statistics} views, information
    about it is displayed in the other two views. To view a time range in the
    \uicontrol {Statistics} and \uicontrol {Flame Graph} views, select
    \uicontrol Analyze > \uicontrol {Performance Analyzer Options} >
    \uicontrol {Limit to the Range Selected in Timeline}. To show the full
    stack frame, select \uicontrol {Show Full Range}.

    \section1 Loading perf data files

    You can load any \c perf.data files generated by recent versions of the
    Linux Perf tool and view them in \QC. Select \uicontrol Analyze >
    \uicontrol {Performance Analyzer Options} > \uicontrol {Load perf.data File}
    to load a file.

    \image {qtcreator-cpu-usage-analyzer-load-perf-trace.png} {Load Perf Trace dialog}

    Performance Analyzer needs to know the context in which the
    data was recorded to find the debug symbols. Therefore, you have to specify
    the kit that the application was built with and the folder where the
    application executable is located.

    The Perf data files are generated by calling \c {perf record}. Make sure to
    generate call graphs when recording data by starting Perf with the
    \c {--call-graph} option. Also check that the necessary debug symbols are
    available to Performance Analyzer, either at a standard location
    (\c /usr/lib/debug or next to the binaries), or as part of the Qt package
    you are using.

    Performance Analyzer can read Perf data files generated in either frame
    pointer or dwarf mode. However, to generate the files correctly, numerous
    preconditions have to be met. All system images for the
    \l{Support Levels for Target Hardware}{supported embedded platforms}
    are correctly set
    up for profiling in the dwarf mode. For other devices, check whether Perf
    can read back its own data in a sensible way by checking the output of
    \c {perf report} or \c {perf script} for the recorded Perf data files.

    \section1 Loading and saving trace files

    You can save and load trace data in a format specific to the
    Performance Analyzer (.ptq). This format is self-contained, and
    therefore loading it does not require you to specify the recording
    environment. You can transfer such trace files to a different computer
    without any toolchain or debug symbols and analyze them there.

    To load trace data, go to \uicontrol Analyze >
    \uicontrol {Performance Analyzer Options} > \uicontrol {Load Trace File}.

    To save trace data, select \uicontrol {Save Trace File}.

    \section1 Troubleshooting

    Performance Analyzer might fail to record data for the following reasons:

    \list
        \li Perf events may be globally disabled on your system.
            The preconfigured \l{\B2Q: Documentation}{\B2Q} images come with Perf
            events enabled.
            For a custom configuration you need to make sure that the file
            \c {/proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid} contains a value smaller
            than \c {2}. For maximum flexibility in recording traces you can
            set the value to \c {-1}. This allows any user to record any kind
            of trace, even using raw kernel trace points.

            The way to enable Perf events depends on your Linux distribution.
            On some distributions, you can run the following command with
            root (or equivalent) privileges:

            \code [shell]
            echo -e "kernel.perf_event_paranoid=-1\nkernel.kptr_restrict=0" | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/10-perf.conf
            \endcode

        \li The connection between the target device and the host may not be
            fast enough to transfer the data produced by Perf. Try modifying
            the values of the \uicontrol {Stack snapshot size} or
            \uicontrol {Sample period} settings.
        \li Perf may be buffering the data forever, never sending it. Add
            \c {--no-delay} or \c {--no-buffering} to
            \uicontrol {Additional arguments}.
        \li Some versions of Perf will not start recording unless given a
            certain minimum sampling frequency. Try setting
            \uicontrol {Sample period} to 1000.
        \li On some devices, in particular various i.MX6 Boards, the hardware
            performance counters are dysfunctional and the Linux kernel may
            randomly fail to record data after some time. Perf can use different
            types of events to trigger samples. You can get a list of available
            event types by running \c {perf list} on the device and then select
            the respective event types in the settings. The choice of event type
            affects the performance and stability of the sampling. The
            \c {cpu-clock} \c {software} event is a safe but relatively slow
            option as it does not use the hardware performance counters, but
            drives the sampling from software. After the sampling has failed,
            reboot the device. The kernel may have disabled important parts of
            the performance counters system.
        \li Perf might not be installed. The way to install it depends on your
            Linux distribution. For example, try the following commands:

            \list
                \li On Ubuntu 22.04:
                    \c {sudo apt install linux-tools-$(uname -r)}
                \li On Debian:
                    \c {apt install linux-perf}
            \endlist
    \endlist

    The \uicontrol {General Messages} view shows \l{View output}{output} from the
    helper program that processes the data.

    The \l {Application Output} view shows some information even if the
    Performance Analyzer displays error messages.

    \sa {Profile}{How to: Profile}, {Profilers}, {Profiling applications},
    {Managing kits}
*/
